在任何语言中,动词都极为重要,因为动词说明整个句⼦的⾏为,可谓语句之“骨”。然而,由于中文缺乏时态、语态等基本语法,圣经中的动词更容易带来困扰。

因此,在阅读经⽂时,更要细致观察动词,弄懂动词的时态,看它是过去时、现在时或将来时(如“我曾去过”、“我现在去”、“我将来会去”),也看动作是否属于渐进的过程,即动作是否具持续性(例如“我当时正要去”、“我正要去”、“我将要去”)。例如:

这是诫命中的第一,且是最大的。(马太福音 22:38)
This is the first and greatest commandment. (Matthew 22:38)

正如人子来,不是要受人的服侍,乃是要服侍人,并且要舍命,作多人的赎价。(马太福音 20:28)
Just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. (Matthew 20:28)

天地要废去,我的话却不能废去。”(马太福音 24:35)
Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away. (Matthew 24:35)

我们上耶路撒冷去,人子要被交给祭司长和文士,他们要定他死罪… (马太福音 20:18)
We are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be delivered over to the chief priests and the teachers of the law. They will condemn him to death… (Matthew 20:18)

‘匠人所弃的石头,已作了房角的头块石头。这是主所作的,在我们眼中看为希奇。’这经你们没有念过吗?(马太福音 21:42)
Have you never read in the Scriptures: ‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone; the Lord has done this, and it is marvelous in our eyes’? (Matthew 21:42)

或是假意,或是真心,无论怎样,基督究竟被传开了。为此,我就欢喜,并且还要欢喜。(腓立比书 1:18)
Only that in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is proclaimed; and in this I rejoice. Yes, and I will rejoice. (Philippians 1:18)

对中文来说,语态是另一个难点,需要仔细观察动词是主动语态还是被动语态。主动语态表⽰主语正在进⾏一个动作(例如“小明击中球”),被动语态则是主语受动词影响(例如“小明被球击中”)。语态在保罗书信中尤其重要,因为他常用语态来阐明哪些是⼈所当做的、哪些是神为⼈所做的,而被动语态常⽤来强调神为⼈所做的事。例如:

所以你们若真与基督一同复活,就当求在上面的事,那里有基督坐在神的右边。(歌罗西书 3:1)
Since, then, you have been raised [被动] with Christ, set [主动] your hearts on things above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God.(Colossians 3:1)

我们也在他里面得了基业,这原是那位随己意行作万事的,照着他旨意所预定的…(以弗所书 1:11)
In him we were also chosen [被动], having been predestined [被动] according to the plan of him who works out [主动] everything in conformity with the purpose of his will… (Ephesians 1:11)

在旧约中,时态和语态也非常重要。例如:

为你祝福的,我必赐福与他;那咒诅你的,我必咒诅他。地上的万族都要因你得福。(创世记 12:3)
I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you. (Genesis 12:3)

尤其要注意祈使语气。祈使语气表达命令或请求,在圣经中就经常是神对⼈下命令。例如:

凡事谦虚、温柔、忍耐,用爱心互相宽容,用和平彼此联络,竭力保守圣灵所赐合而为一的心。(以弗所书 4:2-3)
Be completely humble and gentle; be patient, bearing with one another in love. Make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace. (Ephesians 4:2-3)

对没有时态语态的中文来说,当遇到比英文更复杂的希腊文语法时,就更加难以理解了。例如:

“你们祈求,就给你们;寻找,就寻见;叩门,就给你们开门。(马太福音 7:7)
“Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you. (Matthew 7:7)

这里的“寻找,就寻见”,原文是第二人称复数的现在时态、主动语态、祈使语气,这在希腊文中不是简单的一次性命令,而是表示一种持续性、习惯性、带有迫切的行动

因此,更准确的含义是:“你们要持续地寻找,要一再地、不放弃地寻找,就必寻见。”这种语法与英语中“keep seeking”或“go on seeking”接近,但即使英文译本也未能表达出原意。